STRASMORE/EXPLORE 2,170 QUERIES 22Y EQUITIES · 12Y OPTIONS

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What It Costs to Trade a Stock, Measured
The one-cent floor: share price, percent of quotes exactly one cent wide, and what a penny costs in bpstable · 2026-08-22 · 5×6 NVDA vs SOXS: median quoted spread over the window, with the smallest single-session gapscalar · 2026-08-22 · 1×50.89 NVDA vs SOXS: median quoted spread by session (bps of the midpoint)series · 2026-08-22 · 5×4Preview: a 5-point series, ending lower. The cost-to-trade ladder: median quoted spread in bps of the midpoint, regular hours, recent completed sessionstable · 2026-08-22 · 12×5
What Is the NBBO? National Best Bid and Offer
NBBO updates per session: four heavily traded names vs. two thin small capsseries · 2026-08-22 · 6×5Preview: a 6-point series, ending lower. Exchange stamp to SIP stamp: the consolidation step, in microsecondsranking · 2026-08-22 · 4×3Preview: 4 ranked values, smallest first. The smallest size the NBBO will show: six names across the price tiersranking · 2026-08-22 · 6×4Preview: 6 ranked values, smallest first. KO: ten consecutive NBBO updates from 1:30 p.m. ET on a recent sessionseries · 2026-08-22 · 10×7Preview: a 10-point series, roughly flat. GME, 2024-05-14: NBBO updates and trades per minute across a five-minute LULD pauseseries · 2026-08-22 · 15×3Preview: a 15-point series, roughly flat. AAPL: average NBBO updates per minute by half-hour bucket (ET, 4 a.m. to 8 p.m.)series · 2026-08-22 · 32×3Preview: a 16-point series, roughly flat.
What Is RVOL (Relative Volume)? How to Read It
SPY: median shares traded per minute, by 30-minute clock bucket (ET, last 30 days, extended hours)series · 2026-08-22 · 32×2Preview: a 16-point series, roughly flat. SPY: average share of full-day volume completed by each clock time (last 20 sessions)ranking · 2026-08-22 · 5×2Preview: 5 ranked values, smallest first. Top 10 by full-day RVOL: latest completed session (20-day ADV above 5M shares, full history required)series · 2026-08-22 · 10×5Preview: a 10-point series, ending lower. Full-day RVOL percentiles across high-volume US stocks and ETFs (20-day ADV above 5M shares), latest completed sessionranking · 2026-08-22 · 6×2Preview: 6 ranked values, smallest first. MU, the biggest-volume session of June 2026: time-adjusted vs. naive RVOL, plus the full-day figurescalar · 2026-08-22 · 1×832.8
What Is a Bid-Ask Spread? Real Costs
Typical quoted spread: six liquid names vs. two thin small caps, with the 100-share costranking · 2026-08-22 · 8×4Preview: 8 ranked values, smallest first. AAPL median quoted spread by 30-minute bucket (ET, extended hours included)series · 2026-08-22 · 32×2Preview: a 16-point series, ending lower. The same curve at four checkpoints: premarket, the open, midday, the closeseries · 2026-08-22 · 4×2Preview: a 4-point series, ending lower. AAPL: the last recorded NBBO quote in our data windowscalar · 2026-08-22 · 1×70.117
Locked and Crossed Markets, Explained With Data
Whole-tape census: locked, crossed, and one-sided records across every NBBO update of the sessionscalar · 2026-08-22 · 1×7406 The receipts: locked vs crossed totals, and the rate by session stretch (premarket, open, noon, close, ET)scalar · 2026-08-22 · 1×10246.9 The census by name: eight liquid tickers and two thin small caps, recent completed sessionstable · 2026-08-22 · 10×7 Locked-or-crossed records per 10,000 updates by 30-minute ET bucket, checked set, extended hours includedseries · 2026-08-22 · 32×3Preview: a 16-point series, roughly flat.
How Do Market Makers Make Money? The Spread
US stock venues: public exchanges vs off-exchange reporting facilitiesranking · 2026-08-22 · 2×3Preview: 2 ranked values, largest first. AAPL trades by venue, latest session: off-exchange firstranking · 2026-08-22 · 19×4Preview: 16 ranked values, largest first. Average quoted spread: liquid mega-caps vs a thin small-cap (past week)ranking · 2026-08-22 · 3×4Preview: 3 ranked values, smallest first. AAPL average quoted spread by half-hour (ET), one extended sessionseries · 2026-08-22 · 32×2Preview: a 16-point series, ending lower. AAPL: NBBO quote updates on the latest sessionscalar · 2026-08-22 · 1×41.2
Premarket and After-Hours Trading Hours (ET)
Share of a month's volume by clock window: SPY, AAPL, NVDA (full sessions only)table · 2026-08-22 · 3×5 The session envelope, read from SPY minute bars (last two weeks, ET)scalar · 2026-08-22 · 1×7240 Stock headlines by ET hour of publication (last 30 days, all days)ranking · 2026-08-22 · 24×3Preview: 16 ranked values, smallest first. AAPL median quoted spread: regular session vs extended hours (past week, full sessions)series · 2026-08-22 · 2×3Preview: a 2-point series, ending lower. AAPL median shares per traded minute, and the share of minutes that traded at all (ET)series · 2026-08-22 · 32×3Preview: a 16-point series, ending lower.
How to Become a Registered Market Maker
Average quoted spread across six household names, midday July 16 2026ranking · 2026-08-15 · 6×3Preview: 6 ranked values, smallest first. Quoted spread through one session, AAPL and KO, July 16 2026series · 2026-08-15 · 26×3Preview: a 16-point series, ending lower. Venues publishing a bid in AAPL over one half hour, July 16 2026ranking · 2026-08-15 · 16×4Preview: 16 ranked values, largest first. Listed AAPL option contracts by expiration, July 16 2026series · 2026-08-15 · 24×4Preview: a 16-point series, ending lower.
Why Market Makers Lose Money: Adverse Selection
AAPL prints by distance from the midpoint: share of volume and 60 second markoutranking · 2026-08-13 · 4×3Preview: 4 ranked values, smallest first. How much of the spread survives: AAPL markout curve, 1 second to 5 minutesranking · 2026-08-13 · 6×3Preview: 6 ranked values, smallest first. AAPL fills by print size: credit at the fill and value 60 seconds laterranking · 2026-08-13 · 4×4Preview: 4 ranked values, largest first. How far the price travels while a position waits: SPY and NVDA, May 2026ranking · 2026-08-13 · 6×3Preview: 6 ranked values, smallest first.
Quote-Driven vs Order-Driven Markets
Quoted spread and displayed size at the NBBO, one June 2026 hourranking · 2026-08-11 · 5×3Preview: 5 ranked values, smallest first. AAPL option trade sizes, one June 2026 sessionranking · 2026-08-11 · 5×4Preview: 5 ranked values, largest first. Share of consolidated volume reported off exchange, by monthseries · 2026-08-11 · 12×5Preview: a 12-point series, ending higher. How US share volume concentrates across symbols, May 2026ranking · 2026-08-11 · 5×4Preview: 5 ranked values, largest first.
Why Are Spreads Wider at the Open? Real Data
Window guard: the UTC session filter maps to a 9:30 a.m. ET start on both ends of the rolling windowscalar · 2026-08-08 · 1×2570 Share of quote updates at the one-cent minimum spread, by half hour (regular hours, ET)series · 2026-08-08 · 13×4Preview: a 13-point series, ending higher. Median spread each half hour, as a multiple of each name's tightest bucket (regular hours, ET)series · 2026-08-08 · 13×4Preview: a 13-point series, ending lower. Session by session: how often, and by how much, the open ran wider than middaytable · 2026-08-08 · 3×6 Median quoted spread by phase of the trading day, in basis points (ET clock)ranking · 2026-08-08 · 5×4Preview: 5 ranked values, largest first. The opening premium priced: median and 90th-percentile spread at the open (9:30-10:00 ET) vs. midday (12:00-14:00 ET)table · 2026-08-08 · 3×12 MU: median quoted spread by half hour on July 7, 2026 (ET, regular hours)series · 2026-08-08 · 13×5Preview: a 13-point series, ending lower. MU into July 7, 2026: prior regular-session close, opening print, overnight gapscalar · 2026-08-08 · 1×3984.31
Why Your Options Order Isn't Getting Filled
Apple option trades on June 17 2026: share of prints vs share of contracts, by trade sizeranking · 2026-08-07 · 5×3Preview: 5 ranked values, largest first. Apple option activity by strike distance, 20 to 45 days to expiry, May and June 2026ranking · 2026-08-07 · 5×3Preview: 5 ranked values, largest first. Median quoted spread on Apple options by contract price, 30 second window on June 17 2026ranking · 2026-08-07 · 5×3Preview: 5 ranked values, smallest first. Apple options quote updates, second by second, 2:00 p.m. ET on June 17 2026series · 2026-08-07 · 30×3Preview: a 16-point series, ending higher.
How ETF Creation and Redemption Works
Quoted spread against average share volume, US listed ETFsranking · 2026-08-07 · 5×3Preview: 5 ranked values, smallest first. One session of SPY prints, sorted into trade size bucketsranking · 2026-08-07 · 4×4Preview: 4 ranked values, largest first. Quoted spread through the session: large cap fund vs micro cap fundseries · 2026-08-07 · 79×3Preview: a 16-point series, ending lower. Daily range and volume in a high yield bond ETF, month by monthranking · 2026-08-07 · 9×3Preview: 9 ranked values, smallest first.
Can You Trade US Stocks 24 Hours a Day?
Shares printed by New York clock hour: AAPL, MSFT, NVDA, SPY and TSLA, week of July 13, 2026series · 2026-08-01 · 16×3Preview: a 16-point series, roughly flat. AAPL quoted spread by New York clock hour, July 14, 2026: median and 90th percentile minuteranking · 2026-08-01 · 7×4Preview: 7 ranked values, smallest first. Share of weekly volume by session window: seven household names, week of July 13, 2026ranking · 2026-08-01 · 7×4Preview: 7 ranked values, largest first. NVDA on July 14, 2026: price and volume in 30 minute buckets, 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. ETseries · 2026-08-01 · 32×3Preview: a 16-point series, roughly flat.
What Is the Closing Auction? (Closing Cross)
Quarter-end (June 30) vs. mid-month (June 16, 2026): the same three closing auctionstable · 2026-07-26 · 3×8 The tape's own labels for the close, straight from the code dictionaryranking · 2026-07-26 · 4×3Preview: 4 ranked values, smallest first. The closing auction vs. everything else: SPY, AAPL, NVDA on July 2, 2026table · 2026-07-26 · 3×10 The receipt: AAPL's auction print vs. its last continuous trade, July 2, 2026scalar · 2026-07-26 · 1×12390
What Is Dark Pool Trading? FINRA Volume Data
Where AAPL's trade reports came from on July 2, 2026: and which carry a TRF timestampranking · 2026-07-26 · 6×4Preview: 6 ranked values, largest first. The receipt: TRF timestamps and the FINRA venue code agree on every AAPL reportscalar · 2026-07-26 · 1×5390 Anatomy of TSLA's prints on July 2, 2026: off-exchange vs. on-exchangetable · 2026-07-26 · 2×7 Off-exchange share of matched volume: five liquid names, July 2, 2026ranking · 2026-07-26 · 5×4Preview: 5 ranked values, largest first. NVDA's off-exchange share of volume by Eastern-time hour, July 2, 2026ranking · 2026-07-26 · 16×4Preview: 16 ranked values, largest first.
What Is Average Daily Volume (ADV)?
MU's sharpest 2026 volume shock: the event day vs the trailing ADV before and afterscalar · 2026-07-26 · 1×664.7 MU: rolling 20-session vs 90-session ADV, December 2025 through July 10, 2026 (sampled every third session)series · 2026-07-26 · 49×3Preview: a 16-point series, ending higher. Options ADV: average daily contracts and share-equivalent exposure (June 11 – July 10, 2026)ranking · 2026-07-26 · 4×4Preview: 4 ranked values, largest first. ADV by hand: KO's five daily volumes, their sum, and the average (July 6–10, 2026)series · 2026-07-26 · 5×5Preview: a 5-point series, roughly flat. Days to cover, recomputed: FINRA's denominator vs this page's 20-session regular-hours ADV (settlement June 30, 2026)table · 2026-07-26 · 2×6 20-session regular-hours ADV: shares, dollars, and the extended-hours share (June 11 – July 10, 2026)table · 2026-07-26 · 5×5 Dollar ADV across the whole US tape: percentiles and threshold counts (June 11 – July 10, 2026)scalar · 2026-07-26 · 1×1010,864
What Is a Block Trade? Big Prints & the Data
The same block scan on SPY: July 6, 2026scalar · 2026-07-26 · 1×7669,171 AAPL's ten largest prints of July 6, 2026: the whole tapeseries · 2026-07-26 · 10×6Preview: a 10-point series, ending lower. Where AAPL's 10,000-share-and-up prints executed: July 6, 2026table · 2026-07-26 · 4×5 Block-size prints vs the whole AAPL tape: July 6, 2026, with the session receiptscalar · 2026-07-26 · 1×9390
The one-cent floor: share price, percent of quotes exactly one cent wide, and what a penny costs in bps

The one-cent floor: share price, percent of quotes exactly one cent wide, and what a penny costs in bps

most recentas of table 5×6read in context →
The one-cent floor: share price, percent of quotes exactly one cent wide, and what a penny costs in bps — 5 rows by 6 columns, computed from US exchange, SIP and OPRA data.
tickertypical_share_pricepct_quotes_at_one_centone_cent_in_bpstypical_spread_bpsdist_from_floor_bps
SPY773.4537.40.130.260.13
AAPL304.9516.90.330.980.65
KO87.6641.141.150.01
SOXS40.1776.82.492.550.06
F13.9899.37.157.160.01
the exact SQL behind every number
SELECT ticker,
       typical_share_price,
       pct_quotes_at_one_cent,
       round(100 / typical_share_price, 2) AS one_cent_in_bps,
       typical_spread_bps,
       round(abs(typical_spread_bps - 100 / typical_share_price), 2) AS dist_from_floor_bps
FROM (
    SELECT ticker,
           round(quantileExactIf(0.5)((toFloat64(ask_price) + toFloat64(bid_price)) / 2, bid_price > 0 AND ask_price > bid_price), 2) AS typical_share_price,
           round(100 * countIf(bid_price > 0 AND ask_price > bid_price AND abs(toFloat64(ask_price - bid_price) - 0.01) < 0.001) / countIf(bid_price > 0 AND ask_price > bid_price), 1) AS pct_quotes_at_one_cent,
           round(quantileExactIf(0.5)(toFloat64(ask_price - bid_price) / (toFloat64(ask_price + bid_price) / 2), bid_price > 0 AND ask_price > bid_price) * 10000, 2) AS typical_spread_bps
    FROM global_markets.cache_stocks_quotes
    WHERE ticker IN ('SPY', 'AAPL', 'KO', 'F', 'SOXS')
      AND sip_timestamp >= toDateTime(today() - 10)
      AND sip_timestamp < toDateTime(today() - 3)
      AND (toHour(sip_timestamp) * 60 + toMinute(sip_timestamp)) BETWEEN 810 AND 1199
    GROUP BY ticker
)
ORDER BY typical_share_price DESC
$