240 coin flip factors scored on real prices: annualized Sharpe, Jan 2016 to Jun 2021
Answered against 22 years of US equities and 12 years of US options data and published with the query that produced it. This result is stored as of 2026-08-02, from Can an LLM Find Alpha Factors?.
| sharpe_bucket | factor_count | share_pct |
|---|---|---|
| below -1.2 | 1 | 0.4 |
| -1.2 to -0.8 | 10 | 4.2 |
| -0.8 to -0.4 | 32 | 13.3 |
| -0.4 to 0.0 | 77 | 32.1 |
| 0.0 to 0.4 | 71 | 29.6 |
| 0.4 to 0.8 | 40 | 16.7 |
| 0.8 to 1.2 | 8 | 3.3 |
| 1.2 and above | 1 | 0.4 |
- Rows × columns
- 8 × 3
- Computed
- Completeness
- No missing values
- Source
- US exchange, SIP and OPRA market data
- Licence
- Strasmore terms · free, no signup
What each column holds
| Column | Type | Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
sharpe_bucket |
text | 8 distinct values (-0.4 to 0.0, -0.8 to -0.4, -1.2 to -0.8…) | |
factor_count |
number | 1 to 77 | count |
share_pct |
number | 0.4 to 32.1 | percent |
Computed from Strasmore's warehouse of US exchange, SIP and OPRA market data. Equity prices are delayed; options greeks and implied volatility are end-of-day. This result is stored, not recomputed on load — it is exactly the numbers that were returned on , and the query below is what returned them.
the exact SQL behind every number
WITH month_end AS (
SELECT ticker,
toStartOfMonth(toDate(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York'))) AS month_start,
argMax(toFloat64(close), window_start) AS close_px
FROM global_markets.delayed_stocks_minute_aggs
WHERE ticker IN ('AAPL','ADBE','AMZN','BA','CAT','COST','CRM','CSCO','CVX','DE',
'DUK','GE','GOOGL','HD','HON','IBM','INTC','JNJ','JPM','KO',
'LMT','MCD','MMM','MRK','MSFT','NKE','NVDA','ORCL','PEP','PFE',
'PG','QCOM','SO','T','TGT','TXN','UNP','VZ','WMT','XOM')
AND toDate(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) >= toDate('2015-12-01')
AND toDate(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) <= toDate('2021-06-30')
AND toDayOfMonth(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) >= 22
AND (toHour(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) * 60
+ toMinute(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York'))) BETWEEN 570 AND 959
GROUP BY ticker, month_start
),
lagged AS (
SELECT ticker,
month_start,
close_px,
lagInFrame(close_px) OVER (PARTITION BY ticker ORDER BY month_start
ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS prev_px
FROM month_end
),
monthly_return AS (
SELECT ticker, month_start, close_px / prev_px - 1 AS ret
FROM lagged
WHERE prev_px > 0
AND month_start >= toDate('2016-01-01')
),
trial AS (
SELECT arrayJoin(range(1, 241)) AS n
),
factor_month AS (
SELECT t.n AS trial_id,
m.month_start AS month_start,
avgIf(m.ret, bitAnd(cityHash64(m.ticker, toString(m.month_start), t.n), 1) = 1)
- avgIf(m.ret, bitAnd(cityHash64(m.ticker, toString(m.month_start), t.n), 1) = 0) AS long_short_ret
FROM monthly_return AS m
CROSS JOIN trial AS t
GROUP BY trial_id, month_start
HAVING countIf(bitAnd(cityHash64(m.ticker, toString(m.month_start), t.n), 1) = 1) > 0
AND countIf(bitAnd(cityHash64(m.ticker, toString(m.month_start), t.n), 1) = 0) > 0
),
scored AS (
SELECT trial_id,
avg(long_short_ret) / stddevSamp(long_short_ret) * sqrt(12) AS sharpe
FROM factor_month
GROUP BY trial_id
HAVING stddevSamp(long_short_ret) > 0
)
SELECT multiIf(sharpe < -1.2, 'below -1.2',
sharpe < -0.8, '-1.2 to -0.8',
sharpe < -0.4, '-0.8 to -0.4',
sharpe < 0.0, '-0.4 to 0.0',
sharpe < 0.4, '0.0 to 0.4',
sharpe < 0.8, '0.4 to 0.8',
sharpe < 1.2, '0.8 to 1.2',
'1.2 and above') AS sharpe_bucket,
count() AS factor_count,
round(100 * count() / 240, 1) AS share_pct
FROM scored
GROUP BY sharpe_bucket
ORDER BY min(sharpe)
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