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How a near coin flip resolves: average implied probability by checkpoint, split by outcome

Answered against 22 years of US equities and 12 years of US options data and published with the query that produced it. This result is stored as of 2026-08-03, from Event Contract Prices as Probabilities.

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How a near coin flip resolves: average implied probability by checkpoint, split by outcome — 6 rows by 4 columns, computed from US exchange, SIP and OPRA data.
checkpointeventual_yes_pcteventual_no_pctcontract_days
30 days out52.647.85650
21 days out61.341.93871
14 days out66.336.83666
7 days out73.329.22177
3 days out76.827.21779
1 day out79.814.4785
Rows × columns
6 × 4
Computed
Completeness
No missing values
Source
US exchange, SIP and OPRA market data
Licence
Strasmore terms · free, no signup
Formats
JSON · CSV · the SQL below

What each column holds

Column definitions for How a near coin flip resolves: average implied probability by checkpoint, split by outcome, derived from the stored result.
ColumnTypeRangeNotes
checkpoint text 6 distinct values (1 day out, 14 days out, 21 days out…)
eventual_yes_pct number 52.6 to 79.8 percent
eventual_no_pct number 14.4 to 47.8 percent
contract_days number 785 to 5,650

Computed from Strasmore's warehouse of US exchange, SIP and OPRA market data. Equity prices are delayed; options greeks and implied volatility are end-of-day. This result is stored, not recomputed on load — it is exactly the numbers that were returned on , and the query below is what returned them.

the exact SQL behind every number
WITH px AS (
    SELECT toDate(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) AS session,
           argMax(toFloat64(close), window_start) AS close_px
    FROM global_markets.delayed_stocks_minute_aggs
    WHERE ticker = 'SPY'
      AND toDate(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) >= toDate('2025-06-01')
      AND toDate(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) <= toDate('2026-06-30')
      AND (toHour(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) * 60
           + toMinute(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York'))) BETWEEN 570 AND 959
    GROUP BY session
),
coin_flips AS (
    SELECT ticker AS contract
    FROM global_markets.options_greeks
    WHERE underlying_symbol = 'SPY'
      AND date >= toDate('2025-06-01')
      AND expiration_date <= toDate('2026-06-30')
      AND days_to_expiry BETWEEN 28 AND 32
      AND iv_converged = 1
      AND volume > 0
      AND delta > 0
    GROUP BY contract
    HAVING avg(delta) BETWEEN 0.35 AND 0.65
),
obs AS (
    SELECT g.days_to_expiry AS dte,
           g.delta AS implied_prob,
           if(px.close_px > toFloat64(g.strike_price), 1, 0) AS finished_above
    FROM global_markets.options_greeks AS g
    INNER JOIN coin_flips AS c ON g.ticker = c.contract
    INNER JOIN px ON px.session = g.expiration_date
    WHERE g.underlying_symbol = 'SPY'
      AND g.date >= toDate('2025-06-01')
      AND g.expiration_date <= toDate('2026-06-30')
      AND g.iv_converged = 1
      AND g.volume > 0
      AND g.delta > 0
      AND (g.days_to_expiry BETWEEN 28 AND 32
        OR g.days_to_expiry BETWEEN 19 AND 23
        OR g.days_to_expiry BETWEEN 12 AND 16
        OR g.days_to_expiry BETWEEN 6 AND 8
        OR g.days_to_expiry BETWEEN 3 AND 4
        OR g.days_to_expiry <= 1)
)
SELECT multiIf(dte >= 28, '30 days out',
               dte >= 19, '21 days out',
               dte >= 12, '14 days out',
               dte >= 6, '7 days out',
               dte >= 3, '3 days out',
                         '1 day out') AS checkpoint,
       round(100 * avgIf(implied_prob, finished_above = 1), 1) AS eventual_yes_pct,
       round(100 * avgIf(implied_prob, finished_above = 0), 1) AS eventual_no_pct,
       count() AS contract_days
FROM obs
GROUP BY checkpoint
HAVING countIf(finished_above = 1) > 0 AND countIf(finished_above = 0) > 0
ORDER BY avg(dte) DESC

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