Multi-Agent AI Trading Systems: What Is Real
The window decides the answer: SPY calendar-year price return and intra-year high-to-low range, 2016-2025ranking ·
2026-07-31 · 10×4
Where the money trades: US dollar volume by liquidity rank tier, regular hours, June 30 2026ranking ·
2026-07-31 · 5×4
How big a typical session is: SPY close-to-close moves by size band, calendar 2025ranking ·
2026-07-31 · 5×3
The cost floor: median quoted spread in basis points of the midpoint, regular hours, June 22-26 2026ranking ·
2026-07-31 · 6×4
The window decides the answer: SPY calendar-year price return and intra-year high-to-low range, 2016-2025
The window decides the answer: SPY calendar-year price return and intra-year high-to-low range, 2016-2025
| year | sessions | price_return_pct | high_low_range_pct |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 252 | 11.2 | 24.4 |
| 2017 | 251 | 18.5 | 19.1 |
| 2018 | 251 | -6.9 | 25.3 |
| 2019 | 252 | 28.6 | 32.3 |
| 2020 | 253 | 15.1 | 68 |
| 2021 | 252 | 28.7 | 29.4 |
| 2022 | 251 | -20 | 34 |
| 2023 | 250 | 24.8 | 25.6 |
| 2024 | 252 | 24 | 30.1 |
| 2025 | 250 | 16.6 | 39 |
the exact SQL behind every number
WITH daily AS (
SELECT toDate(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) AS d,
argMax(close, window_start) AS close_px
FROM global_markets.delayed_stocks_minute_aggs
WHERE ticker = 'SPY'
AND toDate(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) >= toDate('2016-01-01')
AND toDate(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) <= toDate('2025-12-31')
AND (toHour(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York')) * 60
+ toMinute(toTimeZone(window_start, 'America/New_York'))) BETWEEN 570 AND 959
GROUP BY d
),
yr AS (
SELECT toYear(d) AS year,
argMin(close_px, d) AS first_close,
argMax(close_px, d) AS last_close,
max(close_px) AS high_close,
min(close_px) AS low_close,
count() AS sessions
FROM daily
GROUP BY year
)
SELECT year,
sessions,
round(100 * (toFloat64(last_close) / toFloat64(first_close) - 1), 1) AS price_return_pct,
round(100 * (toFloat64(high_close) / toFloat64(low_close) - 1), 1) AS high_low_range_pct
FROM yr
ORDER BY year
More from this analysisMulti-Agent AI Trading Systems: What Is Real
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